Communication Facilities for Disaster Management Essay

Ham Radio Ham Radio is also know as Amateur radio.It is a community of people that use radio transmitters and receivers to communicate with other Amateur radio operators. If you were to ask a dozen different amateurs what ham radio meant to them chances are you would get 12 different answers. Amateur radio operators are often called ham radio operators or simply â€Å"hams† and frequently the public is more familiar with this term than with the legal term Radio Amateur. The source of this nickname is for all practical purposes lost from the beginning. read more Communication is a major bottleneck in case of any major disaster particularly when the traditional network system already in force brake down. In order to strengthen communications, it has been decided that police network (POLNET) will also be used for disaster management. For this purpose POLNET communication facility will be extended to District Magistrates, Sub Divisional Magistrates as well as the Control Rooms. For emergency communication, mobile satellite based units which can be transported to the site of the disaster are being procured. A group was constituted to draw a comprehensive communication plan for disaster management and the report has since been received. This provides for a dedicated communication system for disaster management with built in redundancies. Besides the satellite, communication and education can play a proactive role in mitigation through awareness about the types of disaster and as to how prevention measures can be taken up. There is also a Satellite based communication system called the Cyclone Warning Dissemination Systems (CWDS) for transmission of warnings. There are 250 such cyclone-warning sets installed in the cylone prone areas of east and west coast. The general public, the coastal residents and fishermen, are also warned through the Government mechinery and broadcast of warnings through AIR and Television. What agencies need to be involved ? Police Fire Ambulance Hospitals Clinics Doctors Red Cross Blood Banks Marine operations (are there bodies of water?) Coast guard Department of transportation Departments of environment (if there is clean-up involved) Airlines Rail companies Local transit companies Bus companies (in case of evacuation) Border services – if applicable The use of satellite, computers, electronics, better communication facilities are going to make significant difference in disaster management. The data processing and computers are providing a useful tool in decision making in disaster. When the disaster strikes, power goes out, all modes of communication (Telephone etc.) becomes inoperable, lifts stop functioning, when drinking water becomes contaminated, when normal modes of transportation suddenly becomes impossible, when casualties start coming in groups that is not the time for planning but that is the time of acting. SOME OF THE MAJOR DISASTER EVENTS IN INDIA Year Place Of Disasters in India Casualties Reported 1737 Earthquake Calcutta, India 3,00,000 1961 Floods India 1,000 1977 Cyclone Andhra Pradesh, India 10,000 1979 Flash Flood Gujrat, India 2,500 1984 Chemical Disaster Bhopal, India 2,500 1988 Train Accident Quilon, India (Injured) 300(500) 1988 Air Crash Ahmedabad, India 135 1993 13 Bomb Blasts In Mumbai, India. 250 1998 Train Accident Khanna, Pusa, India. 211 2001 Earthquake Bhuj Gujrat, India. 10,000 2003 Frontier Mail Fire Ludhiyana, Punjab, India 36 (14) 2003 2 Bomb Blasts In Mumbai, India. 45 2003 Cloud Burst Himanchal Pradesh, India. 41 2003 Stampede At Kumbh, Nasik, India. 35 (75) 2002 Terrorist’s Attack Kaluchak, Jammu. 23 2003 Terrorist’s Attack on Railway Station, Jammu 20 2004 Terrorist’s Attack on Railway Station, Jammu. 08 Communication facilities for disaster management system is most important act as it convey at the right time communication in disaster, it may handle disaster and helping to decrease it. Two type of information needs in disaster management Pre disaster information: Question arise that how to get pre disaster information? It is getting from the research and analysis department of the geography in the country. Post disaster information: After the disaster, our first job is to find out where and where it was occurs. What is the next step to help people? Now a days Satellite communication play a major role in disaster management communication. Communication facilities can be set up for rescue and relief operation purposes. That type of early warning system developed at the different area’s by itself. Here are the disaster communication facilities: DCWDS Digital Cyclone Warning Dissemination System set at Delhi and other coast area. It is for the pre disaster information. The WLL – VSAT system is in terms of handsets which can be easily taken inside of the affected areas and sends information by direct audio communication. The MSS Type C reporting terminal developed for the sending short messages directly through satellite in remote area. AES-SNG is a system which can send video pictures of the affected area for online review from the control center. Tele medicine: It is one more step for the disaster management communication. In this system, on line help can be provided from the hospital and super specialty doctors. Only connect up link to laptop or PC and get the online information about cure. Set up of a communications centre – who needs access and how would it operate (generators, supplies in case people need to staymore than 12 hours, etc). Resources : Ham Radio.pdf Satellite communication.pdf Disaster Management.pdf Disaster Management Satellite System Development.pdf Pocket Guide on First Aid http://www.icbse.com/projects/communication-facilities-disaster-management

Green Mountain Coffee Essay

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR) started as a small cafà © in Waitsfield, Vermont in the year of 1981. It was in 1993 that the company went public and acquired the early phase of Keurig Incorporated Inc, and then completed the acquisition in 2006. (Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) Once these two companies combined it made the way we drink beverages different than ever before in both the home and office. According to GMCR’s website â€Å"Today, GMCR is recognized as a leader in specialty coffee and coffee makers, and acknowledged for its award-winning coffees, innovative brewing technology, and environmentally and socially responsible business practices.† ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) GMCR has three business units that they operate with today. The first being specialty coffee which includes Green Mountain Coffee, Tully’s Coffee, Diedrich Coffee, and Coffee People. The 2nd unit is the Keurig business unit, which created the signal cup brewing system. The 3rd and final is the GMCR Canada. The GMCR Canada is owns all sales for the company and includes the Van Houtte business as well as Timothy’s World Coffee brand. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) The current CEO is Brian Kelley who joined GMCR in 2012. Before GMCR Brian Kelley was Coca-Cola’s Chief Product Supply Officer , and president and CEO of SIRVA, Inc. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) as well as other companies such as Ford Motor Company, GE, and Proctor and Gamble. In 2011 net sales were 2,650.9 million which was up 95% over fiscal 2010. (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448) The acquisition of Van Houtte which took place in December, 2010 in addition to the partnership with Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts with the K-cups option of their coffee has helped add over 321.4 million to the net sales in 2011. (http://investor.gmce.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448) GMCR has seen accelerated growth over the last couple of years due to its Keurig single cup brewing system and the K-cups that go along with it. Below is the breakout for the 2011 Fiscal Financial Review provided by (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448). 2011 2010 $ Increase SWOT ANALYSIS StrengthsWeakness S1-Strong reputation with it’s customersW1- Keurig single-cup brewers all made by one manufacture S2-AcquisitionsW2-Large % sales from one area of the business (K-cups & brewers) S3-Marketing W3-Forecasting due to such overnight success OpportunitiesThreats O1- Increase marketing to the age group of 40 and older T1- Risk of patents expiring allowing other competitors into the market O2-Increase marketing in the Supermarket locationsT2- Keurig single-cup brewers all made by one manufacture O3- Introduce other manufacturesT3-Product recalls & product liability T4- Coffee availability ANALYSIS VIA PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL The threat of new entrantsThe bargaining power of buyersThe bargaining power of suppliers The competition of this type of product & service because of cost overhead would need to come from an already known company or a company that becomes successful after the patients expire that GMCR hold. Strong threatOver time as patients expire buyers will have bargaining power. ThreatGMCR has one manufacuting for the K-cups and brewing systems which resides in China. Weakness The threat of substitute product and servicesThe intensity of rivalry among competitors in an industry The threat of substitution is high. ThreatAlthough there are other companies that try to offer the same service, GMCR is at the top of the coffee industry for this type of service. Strength STRATEGY USED GMCR is using a differentiation strategy by offering a different way for the consumer to enjoy specialized coffees, teas, hot chocolate, and other hot beverages in their own homes, workplaces, and hotels at an overall lower cost than coffee houses. They are able to do this by taking the lead in the market due to their strengths in product development, licensing agreements with partners, and on-going successful acquisitions. GMCR growth through their acquisition strategy and their licensing agreements have been the biggest contributors to their growth. In 1998 when Keurig launched its first single- cup brewer for the office environment GMCR was there to partner with. (Dess,G, Lumpkin, G. & Eisner, A.(2012). Strategic Management (6e). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.) From that point on it just continued whether it be the agreement with Starbucks in 2011 or the agreement with Dunkin Donuts in that same year to sell K-cup’s with both Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts coffee they continue to thrive in the market. If we look at Porter’s generic strategies that our text talks of we can identify the following. †¢Differentiation – The product and service that GMCR brings to the market is the best value for price and quality. †¢Focus strategy – The acquisitions and licensing agreements that GMCR has been able to focus on continues to allow success to the buyer markets and geographic markets. †¢Overall cost leadership – GMCR is able to keep cost low because of the amount of product they supply to the customer without much competition. THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THIS COMPANY I think for now GMCR will continue to have competitive advantage. GMCR should be able to accomplish this by continuing to offer their K-cups and brewing systems at the same competitive price to the same type of customer. Although patents are ready to expire and more of the product and service will be able to join the market, I feel that GMCR with their past record of new product innovation will continue to strive in the coffee market and lead the way for competitors to follow. COURSE OF ACTION RECOMMENDED It seems to be that because of the success of Keurig & K-cups that GMCR has put all their eggs in one basket without much focus on the rest of their products. We can see this in both the 2010 and 2011 earnings (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448). With patents becoming expired in the near future by recommendation would be that GMCR starts to focus on the other products that they sell or that they start to work on the next great product for the coffee industry. My fear is once patents expire that you may see some of the larger distributers try to come into the Market and possible succeed if there able to produce the same product at a lower cost. OPINION My opinion of the case study is first I had no idea that GMCR was such a large company. I don’t drink coffee but am a tea drinker and I guess I just didn’t pay much attention to the marketing and advertising . I’m sure they would like to hear this feedback, it may give them a clue as to where the marketing needs to go during the next phase. With that being said this company to me shows the true meaning of great business leadership and a successful supply chain and focus strategy. During the research I even found a joint venture with 3M the company I work with. It seems that 3M helped GMCR develop a coffee filter. This was a very enjoyable case study and it showed a great example of how to be successful in my opinion. References Dess, G., Lumpkin, G. & Eisner, A. (2012). Strategic Management (6e). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Green mountain coffee roasters, inc.. (09/1). Retrieved from http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448 Unknown. (2004). Gmcr. Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html

The Relevance of Social Networks for Ethnic Entrepreneurs Essay

The Relevance of Social Networks for Ethnic Entrepreneurs - Essay Example Scholars emphasise evidence that demonstrates the capacity of personal networks or social capital to consolidate important resources for the development of ethnic entrepreneurship (Etemad & Wright, 2003). This essay discusses the relevance of personal networks among ethnic entrepreneurs in the current business environment. The discussion emphasises the significance of social capital in surpassing major challenges to entrepreneurship. Several researchers exploring ethnic enclaves have reported that social capital largely contributes to the business success of ethnic entrepreneurs. These researchers have a tendency to place emphasis on the importance of social capital as an alternative to dealing with established political and financial entities rather than on how dominant development resources and community may work together (Cavinato, 2012). The primary finding is that several ethnic or immigrant groups are quite successful in their use of personal networks to attain economic success es. It is a fact that ethnic entrepreneurs require skills, financial resources, and social support in order to survive and thrive. Personal networks can have favourable economic outcomes by enhancing other community resources. One of the greatest relevance of social capital to ethnic entrepreneurship is in the arena of public policy, policymaking, and political institutions (Cavinato, 2012). For instance, social capital has indirectly influenced development of financial resources by first influencing public policy and political perspective. Social capital can influence development of physical resources. It has the capacity to affect public policies associated with human capital and wages, like livelihood policy (Light & Bonacich, 1991). And it can influence the market policies that oversee business development and entrepreneurial prospects. Beginning with the research on ethnic economies, social scientists and entrepreneurship scholars have placed emphasis on several core variables that seem to partly explain the consolidating attributes of ethnic entrepreneurs and communities into enclaves. In this field, analysis of behaviour unavoidably includes descriptions of personal networks, social embeddedness, and social capital (Saegert, Thompson, & Warren, 2005). Lately there has been heightened emphasis on the importance of exploring the dynamics of ethnic entrepreneurship and how its economic mechanisms are attached to governance, cultural, religious, and social forces that finally determine the characteristic of an ethnic community. Personal Networks, Social Capital, and Ethnic Entrepreneurship Ethnic entrepreneurship emerges today in various societies and cultural contexts. Nowadays, ethnic entrepreneurs are a part of a business environment in almost all nations across the globe, drawing much scholarly interest. Enclaves of ethnic entrepreneurs can be seen in the United Kingdom and other Western countries. Ethnic entrepreneurship is generally regarded an import ant component in the economic structures of Western countries and the revitalisation of the small business community (Piperopoulos, 2012, p. 84). However, it would be misleading or inaccurate to lay down a single, strict definition of the concept of ‘ethnic entrepreneurship’ or ‘ethnic entrepreneur’. Ethnic entrepreneurs are commonly defined in the literature as â€Å"sojourners who work harder, save money, spend less by living frugally, have preferential access to

The role of race and class in the antebellum south Research Paper

The role of race and class in the antebellum south - Research Paper Example Elite white southerners viewed the change as an abolition of slavery (Fertig, 95). They believed that slavery was necessary to promote the new economy established. As such, they implemented codes that disallowed the ability for African-Americans to own or lease land, sing labor contracts, serve on juries, to vote, and testify against whites in a court of law. African-Americans did not have access to public schools whereas orphans were returned to their native countries. The elite southerners attempted to create a new economy and society because they had a comparative advantage in the production of cotton. The slaves, free blacks, and poor whites felt inferior after such a change. They believed that their providence of habits did not match that of the elite whites. As such, the notion of being inferior had a permanent defect of character that would gradually enslave them if they were to remain in such a state (Valdez,

Who is your role model and how did that person impact your life Essay

Who is your role model and how did that person impact your life - Essay Example He made me realize my purpose and potential, my dreams are to change the world to become a better place where the world would be free from diseases, and quality healthcare would be available to all. Like Obama, I am determined not to give up on my dreams. Moreover, President Obama has taught me never to lose my hopes, always focus on the future, and press forward always no matter the obstacles. According to Price (92) his opponents said negative things about him such as he did not have any political experience to govern a state like America, but he did not listen to them because his intentions were focused on the best lives for all. Becoming the president of America was not an easy thing considering that he was an African American, he came from a humble family, was not famous, his family had no political background, and of all things his father was a Muslim. Therefore, I have emulated Obama’s behaviors, and now I am a persistent, strong minded and compassionate person. Many thanks to Obama as a weak, intolerant, and unconfident me, is now gone. I am now the most passionate and outstanding person in whatever I do, and I am not ready to stop. Price, Joann. Barrack Obama: A Biography. U.S.A: Greenwood Press, 2008. Google books. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.

Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisation - Essay Example Introduction Securing the effectiveness of organizational strategies is one of the most critical challenges for managers in modern businesses. On the other hand, the elimination of threats in a firm’s environment is not feasible. This means that failures cannot be avoided but they should be rather used as indicators of organizational weaknesses that need to be addressed without delay. In practice, it has been proved that the effective management of knowledge within organizations can result to the limitation of failures, either in the short or the long term. The literature published in regard to this subject shows that the establishment of appropriately customized knowledge management systems can help organizations to control all aspects of their activities so that organizational goals are achieved. The practical implications of such project are explained in this paper by referring to Speedo Ltd, a firm operating in the British automotive industry. Since its establishment, in 1 997, the organization had to face a series of critical operational problems. Through the years it was made clear that these problems were related to the firm’s inability to manage knowledge. ... the firm’s existing knowledge management strategy could secure organizational growth, even if the benefits of the relevant project could appear with delay. It should be noted that the knowledge management strategy proposed for Speedo Ltd could be also used, with minor changes, in firms in other industries that face similar problems. 2. Speedo Ltd – Company Overview 2.1 Structure The head office of the organization is in South London. The firm’s branches across UK are estimated to 12, covering all regions of the country. All key decisions are developed in the head office where the strategic planning unit of the organization is located. Managers in branches have the power to make suggestions in regard to a series of operational issues but their potential to influence the firm’s critical projects is rather limited. The central database of the business has been implemented in the head office, where all critical organizational departments, such as the HR depart ment, the PR department and the financial department of the business are based. Employees working in branches do not have full access to the database’s data; the firm’s IT network has been arranged in such way so that the information provided to the user/ employee is filtered as of its necessity for the task assigned to the particular user. This means that each employee/ user is authorized to access specific parts of the firm’s central database. This practice has helped to reduce failures in regard to the safety of the firm’s data. 2.2 Purpose and culture The firm focuses on the sale of news and used cars of different characteristics. The firm’s founder, John Peterson, has tried to promote communication and cooperation across the organization. The phrase ‘Trust and speed in communication’

Michael Focault's The Order of Things Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Michael Focault's The Order of Things - Essay Example It was translated into English and published under the title The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences in 1970. The Order of Things brought Foucault to prominence as an intellectual figure in France. Foucault's critique of Renaissance values in 'Les mots et les choses' has been very influential to cultural history. The book opens with an extended discussion of Diego Velzquez's painting Las Meninas and its complex arrangement of sight-lines, hidden subject and appearance. Then it develops its central claim: that all periods of history have possessed certain underlying conditions of truth that constituted what was acceptable as, for example, scientific discourse. Foucault argues that these conditions of discourse have changed over time, in major and relatively sudden shifts, from one period to another. The first chapter 'Las Meninas' from The Order of Things: An Archaeology of Human Sciences has been dedicated to critical analysis on Diego Velazquez's painting Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) is a 1656 painting by Diego Velzquez, the leading artist of the Spanish Golden Age. The work's complex and enigmatic composition raises questions about reality and illusion, and creates an uncertain relationship between the viewer and the figures depicted. In the 19th century Sir Thomas Lawrence called the work "the philosophy of art". Las Meninas shows a large room in the Madrid palace of King Philip IV of Spain, and presents several figures, most identifiable from the Spanish court, captured, in a particular moment. Some figures look out of the canvas towards the viewer, while others interact among themselves. "Rather than pursue to infinity a language inevitably inadequate to the visible fact, it would be better to say that Velazquez composed a picture; that in this picture he represented himself, in his studio or in a room of the Escurial, in the act of painting two figures whom the Infanta Margarita has come there to watch, together with an entourage of duennas, maids of honour, courtiers, and dwarfs; that we can attribute names to this group of people with great precision: tradition recognizes that here we have Dona Maria Agustina Sarmiente, over there Nieto, in the foreground Nicolaso Pertusato, an Italian jester. We could then add that the two personages serving as models to the painter are not visible, at least directly; but that we can see them in a mirror; and that they are, without any doubt, King Philip IV and his wife, Mariana."(Focault, p 4, 5) The young 'Infanta Margarita' is surrounded by her maids of honor, chaperone, bodyguard, two dwarfs and a dog. Just behind them, Velzquez portrays himself working at a large canvas. Velzquez looks outwards, beyond the pictorial space to where a viewer of the painting would stand. A mirror hangs in the background and reflects the upper bodies of the king and queen. The royal couple appears to be placed outside the picture space in a position similar to that of the viewer. A few critiques even suggested that they were being painted by the painter. Las Meninas is a pure manifestation of critical thinking, an important trait of modern philosophy. Although, Focault is considered a post modernist critic but his work echoes modern philosophy characteristics. 'The value of Valasquez's painting for Foucault lies in the fact that it introduces uncertainties in visual

America Exceptionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

America Exceptionalism - Essay Example Enthusiasts of the myth of American exceptionalism need a radical change on the conception of the nation and the world around, if any efforts against racism, human right violation, and other ills are to bear fruit. The United States of America has had different descriptions in the past two centuries by some of its prominent leaders, ranging from titles like the indispensable nation, free world leader, and the best last hope of earth, the empire of liberty, and the shining city on a hill. These descriptions constitute the concept of American exceptionalism. This is an ideology that America’s political system, history, and values are unique in the universe (Jacobs). Moreover, enthusiasts of the ideology argue that the US is entitled and destined to play a positive and distinct role in the universe. The concept is an international debate among specialists and experts from all lifestyles, from law to former US government officials. Among them is Ted Bromund, a senior research fellow from Margret Thatcher Center for Freedom. Bromund advocates for the American exceptionalism ideology, mainly basing his arguments on the history of the great nation. On the other end of the debate are individuals like Harold Hongju Koh, a laws specialist and former government official in both Reagan’s and Clinton’s administrations. Koh, argues that the American exceptionalism has two facets, the good, and the bad. This paper focuses on the arguments of Koh and Bromund to assert that the American exceptionalism has both the good side and the bad side. In the article American Exceptionalism and its Enemies, Bromund strongly argues that the US is an exceptional state. Bromund begins his statement by pointing out that America has the oldest and the most capitalistic liberal democracy. He further re-asserts that it was the first nation whose foundation was on the belief of inherent human rights, also the

Postmodernism as Artistic Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Postmodernism as Artistic Movement - Essay Example The essay "Postmodernism as Artistic Movement" focuses on postmodernism in the context of art. The sublime element, as a part of postmodernism concept, is without definite form and is indefinable thus it cannot be given a specific visual form. However, the visual form must suggest some element of the sublime. This is because every visible form is capable of suggesting some deeper meaning to different audiences at varying levels regardless of the original intentions of the artist. This is because art is understood to exist as a constant interaction between the artist and the viewer, between what the artist created and how the viewer interprets this creation based on individual experience, understanding and context. The postmodern movement brought these ideas forward. â€Å"The political and the aesthetic are inseparable, simultaneously present, faces of the postmodern problematic†. These ideas can be discovered by examining the philosophy behind the movement and applying them t o the artwork of a contemporary artist such as Jenny Holzer. Artists today attempt to convey a sense of the incommunicable in their work without depending on the traditional symbols and treatments of realist art. Philosopher Jean-Francois Lyotard wrote that the â€Å"only definition† of realism is that â€Å"it intends to avoid the question of reality implicated in that art†. The problem with realism is that the artist tends to â€Å"pursue successful careers in mass conformism by communicating by means of the correct rules.

Eassy4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Eassy4 - Essay Example Talent, concisely, represents the ability of a person to grow and learn courtesy of using the gifts that are at their disposal. Talent management, nevertheless, forms a large part of success in the corporate world. This involves the management of the talent flow in an organizational framework using strategic, tools and procedures. The organizations in the corporate world are under obligation to derive an integrated and comprehensive set of activities that aim at ensuring that this organization operates viably in the corporate world of Human Resource management (Beardwell & Claydon, 2010). Therefore, these activities attract, motivate, develop and retain the talented groups of people that are of significance to the present and future operations of the organization. Talent management, owing to the above activities, involves the systematic identification, attraction, development and retention of such individuals with high potential. Most organizations accept the fact that talent is a critical tool that can create opportunities of value to the organizational operations, hence the reason behind talent management. The Coca Cola Company represents a company that employs talent management in the retention of its employees with specific talent. The company is the world’s largest beverage group, in terms of revenue and number of manufacturing plants. The company operates in all continents around the world, with a significant market share of the world soft drink market. This makes Coca Cola Company the most valued and recognized brand in the world. Interestingly, the company has an approximate serving of 1.5 billion each day. The products line of this company has at least 2,800 assorted products, spanning over two hundred countries in the world. Outside the North America, for instance, Coca Cola has over 80% of its sales. The vast nature of the company

Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes Essay Introduction. Social stereotyping has become a widespread phenomenon nowadays. This topic has been actively investigated in social psychology and it is still one of the most controversial issues in this science as there are many opposite points of view on the process of stereotyping. In our trivial understanding stereotypes are negative phenomena and we should escape them but this is just mundane awareness, which has no common with scientific vision of it. In fact, avoidance of different stereotypes is impossible because they are natural for human beings. They surround us everywhere in our life and sometimes we can be unconscious that we are under their influence. One more thing is that stereotypes are confused with prejudice. It is a common but serious mistake because there is Ð ° vital difference between them. The former should be considered, as psychological phenomenon that can be both positive and negative while prejudice is an adverse one by its nature. This essay is about the mechanisms of stereotyping, their place in our life, how they manifest in modern society and their importance for us. 1. Social stereotyping within Social Psychology. Social stereotypes- simplified schematized images of social objects that are shared by most of members of social groups. The first man who used this definition was Walter Lippmann. He submitted his work â€Å"Public Opinion† in 1922 where he describes stereotypes as â€Å"pictures in our heads†. Lippmann thought that these â€Å"pictures† were inevitable and made the process of perception easier but also were the foundation of social misunderstanding and intension. â€Å"For the most part we do not see first, and then define, we define first and then see†. It should be noted that at first researches of stereotypes were devoted to the images of ethnic communities, but with the development of our society and as a result of it with the growth of social mobility and people’s involvement in the great amount of social groups, the researches spread on various types of groups and communities like religious, political, professional, cultural, economical, age-related, sexual and so on. Stereotypes usually appear in the setting of the shortage of information when your own experience interacts with the subsisting in the society representations. It often happens that the latter is erroneous and biased. That is why they say that stereotyping is inaccurate and can lead to distortion of people’s notions and knowledge and can seriously spoilt interindividual interplay. But it should be taken into consideration that stereotypes can be not only negative, too generalized, too simplified and approximate but also positive, accurate and neutral. To estimate whether stereotype is true or false they have to analyze the situation because depending on the circumstances one stereotype can be both right and wrong. 1. 1. Levels and functions of stereotyping. Social stereotypes should be considered as the system of its three components: cognitive, in other words informative, which includes the information about real objects and phenomena; affective or evaluative part that consists of experiences; social (behavioral)- the way of behavior to different objects of surrounding world. People adopt stereotypes since their childhood and use them before the constitution of their own images. Scientists detach two fundamental levels of stereotyping: group and individual. The difference lies in functions that they execute: on the group level they are ideological and identifying functions and on the other there are cognitive and value-protective ones. But this division is conventional as one function can be realized on both levels. Cognitive function consists of systematization of incoming information, its selection and simplification. Due to this stereotyping helps to acquire maximum of the data involving minimum of brainwork. In fact, it is one of the forms of perception of social reality that allows us cope with the information space of modern world and which is used when more accurate and full information is not available. In short it can be said that it helps people to react quickly on social events and to foresee people’s actions. But it should be appreciated that it does not serve for facilitation of the cognition but for social understanding of the information. Another function of the individual level directs to the creation and protection of the positive self-image. The same goals realized the identifying one on the social level but there we have we-image of the group. It is very important for human beings and social groups to follow standards in order to support their identity and to occupy their places in the social structure. So, it is seen that stereotyping leads to the social categorization and sometimes to social prejudice and so called in-groups and out-groups. And finally the ideological function, as it is not hard to guess, consists in the shaping of the group ideology and also in its preservation. The ideology in turn is one of the crucial components as it explains and substantiates the behavior of the group members and their characteristics. 1. 2. Attributes of stereotypes. One of the key characteristics of the considering process is that stereotyping largely based on emotions and has estimative side. It is normal because people generate stereotypes and it can be hardly argued that the latter is not under subjective evaluation and opinions. That is why stereotypes are very unreliable and inaccurate sometimes and following them can lead to serious consequences, for example, when they affect on making decisions. It happens very often when people behave in a very illogical ways just because of being under the stereotypes. One more crucial peculiarity is the stability. Its fixity was proved by many researches but scientists also claim that it has relative nature because changes of relationships between groups and individuals can veer contents of stereotypes. They emphasize some reasons of the stability. Firstly, people deny changing their images even when they come in contact with a person that disconfirm social image and tend to think that it is an exception but not a mistake in the system of stereotyping. For instance, it is a common idea that men never cry, so when we face with weeping man it corners us and we are disposed to think that it is an abnormal situation. Second one follows herefrom and lie in the fact that it is common for people to forget about the failure of stereotypes and remember only the instances that confirm them. And thirdly, our expectations affect on the perception. Finally, stereotypes possess the coherence or consensus. But it is a very controversial issue because some psychologists do not acknowledge it as an attribute because stereotypes should be explored as individual phenomena because they are produced in people’s heads. 1. 3 â€Å"Grain of truth†. After 1950s years in social psychology appeared a new hypothesis â€Å"grain of truth† according to which the volume of true knowledge is much more bigger than the volume of false in stereotypes. Scientists that support this new view claim that stereotyping is not a scheme of fabulous opinions but is a total of real images of group characteristics and relationships that may be deformed but still reflect social reality. In other words they should understand this as that stereotypes base upon the reality and what is more the conceptualization of a group usually shapes from the interaction with its representative. So, stereotypes include truthful information that can be spoilt by corrupted data. As social stereotypes to a large extent reflect real features of groups, there is no doubt that the principles of contacts between groups have an effect on the stereotypes: depending on it the latter may conclude less or more positive constituent. One more key factor is the criterion of verity of the stereotyping. If more than two groups support a stereotype and self-assessment of the group is the same, the stereotype is estimated as true. But they should add that self-assessment is a very doubtful aspect because group can be mistaken and estimate itself subjectively in a wrong way. 2. Manifestation of social stereotypes in the modern society. 2. 1. Stereotypes in every day. As stated before we face social stereotypes every day of our lives. In some cases we consciously use them but it often happens that we do not realize how and when they appear. The brightest examples are ethnic stereotypes. We get used to think that Frenchmen are full of love and French women are always well groomed and elegant, Jews are crafty and always look for profit, British men are prim, conservative, traditionalist, very patriotic and drink tea the whole day, Germans are punctual and like order, Americans are mad about their country, have dull sense of humour, hardworking and chase American dream and as for the Russian people the whole world thinks that we are crazy, drink alcohol instead of tea and Russian women are the most beautiful. As it is seen, these stereotypes in most cases are neutral and have confirmation in the reality but some of them are absurd and have no common with the objective state of things. So, for instance, while travelling we prepare to see something that we expect according to gained stereotypes. Sometimes it happens that they help us as we are ready to changes of social environment but in other cases we have culture shock (f. e. Americans can joke well and are not too mad about money and work; a fair number of Russians do not drink alcohol at all). Gender stereotypes are also very widespread. Women are called as the softer sex, are thought to be fools and as a result cannot occupy high posts, they are bad drivers, blondes are silly, clever ones cannot be happy in their interior lives. As for males, they never cry, have to direct and are unfaithful to their wives. These lists are enormous and can be continued endlessly. We use them constantly and even submit their influence voluntarily. There are a lot of jokes about blondes, sometimes it is hard for women to get prestigious job and we do not expect of men to indulge weaknesses. Generally speaking, the amount of stereotypes is immense and it is impossible to list them all. In most instances we employ them willingly and rarely deny them. Some of them enter our lives so strongly that control our actions, goings and decisions. 2. 2. Stereotypes in management. Managers work with people permanently, so it is important for them to know about the mechanism of stereotyping and know, how to make the best use of it. As a leader, manager should abstract from any of stereotypes and behave with subordinates equally independently of their gender, nation, age and so on. If he or she does not do it, it can lead to conflicts, decrease of working capacity of a collective and even to his/her dismissal because of professional incompetence. Moreover, Chief Human Resources Officer while recruitment should also control his/her personal stereotypes as he/she can miss good professional or otherwise make a mistake employing undesirable person just because of the sympathy or other factors that stereotypes generate. Finally, professional manager has to know how stereotyping may affect on his/her staffs and know how to prevent negative backwashes of it to organize staffs well and to increase the effectiveness and working efficiency of a collective. Conclusion. To make a conclusion it is necessary to say that stereotyping is an important process and it cannot be ignored. Stereotypes carry positive functions such as facilitation of perception but also can negatively affect on us. So people should distinguish where adventitious impact of them finishes and adverse begins as stereotypes affect on us and only people by themselves can control the power of their influence. Although stereotypes includes some truth, people should remember that it is much better to check a stereotype in the reality than to rely on it surely, as it can turn against them. Now scientists are working on the system of the suppression of stereotypes as they are in favor of their substitution to personal persuasion. It is a hard thing to control and mortify stereotypes in your own consciousness, as it needs from you to realize the prepossession and ignore it proceeding from the equality of men and from the feeling of compunction because you know nothing of people but judge them in advance.

Gap Year After Graduation Essay Example for Free

Gap Year After Graduation Essay Nowadays, students leaving high school regularly travel, do voluntary work or a job in a gap year before going on to higher education. Undoubtedly, students occupy various benefits from experiments in gap year. It is apparent that after rigorous terms, a gap year which students possibly travel, volunteer society or do temporary work before deciding to join in higher education stimulates positively their practical and adaptive capability. Initially, those dynamic activities possibly enhance empirical ability of youngsters who passively acquire knowledge during high school. In evidence, learners feasibly comprehend miracles of foreign languages when they practice experimentally via travelling or voluntary work in abroad. More significantly, not only can a gap year improves practical ability but also enhances communication skill through youngster’s real factual experiences. Only by adapting to a changeable and flexible environment can students expend their personal skill and learn how to communicate effectively. Accordingly, a period time which students perform them after high school period effects advantageously to their practical and soft skill. That the young experience in gap year is not only a principal platforms which help them choose higher education form but also a chance to become more mature. A gap year with profound considerations cumulated by real experiments justifies what kind of higher education they are advisedly appropriate for. The young who are able to apply into universities and passionate studying advanced knowledge identify accurately their choice. Nevertheless, others who are appropriate for practicing in actual life also ascertain that their selection is vocation. Additionally, facing to challenge of real life leads them to be awareness profoundly of the changing world. Hardly can the young be mature when they always are protected carefully by parents and are not responsible for themselves. Briefly, a gap year is precious chances which support the young identify what they real want. Therefore, challenge in real life which students pass in a gap year is also valuable experiments for developing in the future.

What Is An Underclass Sociology Essay

What Is An Underclass Sociology Essay In the social sciences, not many theses have been as contentious as the underclass thesis. Nevertheless, whether as a heuristic device to study society or as a target of ideological or academic attack, the underclass thesis has been used a focus of attention by a wide spectrum of researchers, politicians and journalists. In post-industrial societies the debate on the existence, nature and causes of the underclass has been raging on for decades. There is a plethora of ideological, policy, ontological and methodological disputes around it. People who are at the bottom of a society having become victims of poverty trap. This class is largely composed of the young unemployed, long-unemployed, chronically-sick, disabled, old, or single-parent (usually the mother) families. It also includes those who are systematically excluded from participation in legitimate economic activities, such as cultural, ethnic, or religious minorities or illegal immigrants. Children of the underclass (especially those from single-parent families) often lack educational qualifications and social and other skills and are, therefore, unable to rise out of it. Readmore: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/underclass.html#ixzz1tBoYdPp6 REFERENCES http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/nov2008/underclass.html http://www.cepprobation.org/uploaded_files/Delphine%20Duff.pdf http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=16671 The evident growth of society has been plagued by radical changes that attempt to explain part of certain sectors of society and their behavioural tendencies in order to understand their influences and attempt to resolve social problems. To solve any social problems begins with a definitive role to define and name it, thereby build social responses that are geared to address the defining issues. Within this discussion the description of what is defined as an underclass is vital to the argument, there appears to be little consent about whether or not the term should be used. It derived in the United States and first came into Britain in the 1960s by the 1980s Field (1989) and Murray had adopted the term but recognised the difficulty of defining what it constituted. Conclusion The issue of defining a version of poverty as the underclass fails to justify its correlation with why a large number of youth offend. The mere comparison alone is enough to bring those socially disadvantaged to be rebellious because of the association with that implication. Therefore their behaviour and situations begin to be influence the way they interact with society. The association of hoodies with youth offenders has already resulted in society treating them in a hostile way. The result is even those who do wear hoodies are now tarnished with the same brush and with suspicion. Society views them as hostile delinquents and therefore their future is now being affected by the way they look rather than the content of their character. There are no situations where we can justify calling part of the same society we live in by under-rating them with such derogatory term. While we may continue to use the term underclass in our social explanations, it will be to justify the explanation for our cause rather than to address the real underlying issues of a degree of poverty. The behaviour of youth offenders is more to do with a lack of resources to improve their status, which in turn results in social poverty brought on by their exclusion to the very society they live in. We cannot continue to label part of our society to justify economic or political explanations anymore. Radical decisions have to be implemented to address those under-privileged by whatever circumstances, than to continue to give them a new name, which will not solve the problem but excaebarate it. WHAT IS AN UNDERCLASS? AND WHAT, IF ANY, IS ITS CONNECTION WITH GROUP OFFENDING? In the social sciences, not many theses have been as contentious as the underclass thesis. Nevertheless, whether as a heuristic device to study society or as a target of ideological or academic attack, the underclass thesis has been used a focus of attention by a wide spectrum of researchers, politicians and journalists. In post-industrial societies the debate on the existence, nature and causes of the underclass has been raging on for decades. There is a plethora of ideological, policy, ontological and methodological disputes around it. People who are at the bottom of a society having become victims of poverty trap. This class is largely composed of the young unemployed, long-unemployed, chronically-sick, disabled, old, or single-parent (usually the mother) families. It also includes those who are systematically excluded from participation in legitimate economic activities, such as cultural, ethnic, or religious minorities or illegal immigrants. Children of the underclass (especially those from single-parent families) often lack educational qualifications and social and other skills and are, therefore, unable to rise out of it. Readmore: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/underclass.html#ixzz1tBoYdPp6 REFERENCES http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/nov2008/underclass.html http://www.cepprobation.org/uploaded_files/Delphine%20Duff.pdf http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=16671 The evident growth of society has been plagued by radical changes that attempt to explain part of certain sectors of society and their behavioural tendencies in order to understand their influences and attempt to resolve social problems. To solve any social problems begins with a definitive role to define and name it, thereby build social responses that are geared to address the defining issues. Within this discussion the description of what is defined as an underclass is vital to the argument, there appears to be little consent about whether or not the term should be used. It derived in the United States and first came into Britain in the 1960s by the 1980s Field (1989) and Murray had adopted the term but recognised the difficulty of defining what it constituted. Conclusion The issue of defining a version of poverty as the underclass fails to justify its correlation with why a large number of youth offend. The mere comparison alone is enough to bring those socially disadvantaged to be rebellious because of the association with that implication. Therefore their behaviour and situations begin to be influence the way they interact with society. The association of hoodies with youth offenders has already resulted in society treating them in a hostile way. The result is even those who do wear hoodies are now tarnished with the same brush and with suspicion. Society views them as hostile delinquents and therefore their future is now being affected by the way they look rather than the content of their character. There are no situations where we can justify calling part of the same society we live in by under-rating them with such derogatory term. While we may continue to use the term underclass in our social explanations, it will be to justify the explanation for our cause rather than to address the real underlying issues of a degree of poverty. The behaviour of youth offenders is more to do with a lack of resources to improve their status, which in turn results in social poverty brought on by their exclusion to the very society they live in. We cannot continue to label part of our society to justify economic or political explanations anymore. Radical decisions have to be implemented to address those under-privileged by whatever circumstances, than to continue to give them a new name, which will not solve the problem but excaebarate it. The evident growth of society has been plagued by social and economic changes that attempt to explain part of certain sectors of societal segregation and their behavioural tendencies in order to understand their influences and attempt to resolve problems that affect those segments. To solve any social problems begins with a definitive role to name and then define underclass, thereby build social policies and responses that are geared to address the underlying issues. According to Bullock and Young (2002) the full scale of a problem can only be defined after a universal definition. According to Jencks version (1992), he refers to underclass as composed of people who lack the social and cultural skills required to deal with mainstream institutions. Hereby begins the use of multitude of criteria to rank one another usually being based on their income, cultural skills and social behaviour. In order to bring some form of sense to the word underclass, Charles Murray explains that its formation is based on three issues. These are crime, dropping out of the labour market and illegitimacy (IEA, 1999). My report attempts to examine underclass referring much to Charles Murrays report on (1989) and assesses whether there may be any correlation with group offending, in particular the youths. He refers to underclass not as a degree of poverty, but a type of poverty and thereby agrees with Jencks in that poverty may be a necessary condition in establishing an individual as a member of the underclass. Definition of underclass and youth offending By beginning to understand underclass, is to begin to distinguish the mindset of the poor and to explain the breakdown of law and order within their segment. The current literature has associated the definition of underclass and places emphasises either on the persistence of poverty or the number of people in neighbourhoods where the incidences of poverty or dysfunctional behaviour is high (Mincy et al, 1990). Murray goes further to address that poverty is mostly concentrated in the lowest social class and is drastically reduced among the middle and upper class and therefore crime is used to define poverty by social class. Youth offending From the 1940s youth delinquency became a common feature in social, academic and political discourses mainly due to welfare reforms. Murray believe these reforms helped the underclass to develop within UK.Muncie (2009) defines youth as those aged between ten to seventeen years of age. associates it with the formation base to compare the poor and those especially poor. From Murray t,herefore the definition of the poor further groups them into two, the deserving and the undeserving poor. However this classification does not reflect if The issue of defining a version of poverty as the underclass fails to justify its correlation with why a large number of youth offend. The mere comparison alone is enough to bring those socially disadvantaged to be rebellious because of the sitgma associated with being poor. Social policy dictates it as inhuman to criticise or blame an individual who has fallen on hardships due to misconduct (IEA). Therefore any policies that categorise those less fortunate, whether deserving or undeserving will alter their behaviour thereby influence the way they interact with society. The association of hoodies, for example, with youth offenders has already resulted in society treating them in a hostile way. The result is even those who do wear hoodies are now tarnished with the same brush and with suspicion and contempt. Society views them as hostile delinquents and therefore their future is now being affected by the way they look rather than the content of their character. There are no situations where we can justify calling part of the same society we live in by under-rating them with such derogatory term. While we may continue to use the term underclass in our social explanations, it will be to justify the explanation for our cause rather than to address the real underlying issues of a degree of poverty. The behaviour of youth offenders is more to do with a lack of resources to improve their status, which in turn results in social poverty brought on by their exclusion to the very society they live in. We cannot continue to label part of our society to justify economic or political explanations anymore. Radical decisions have to be implemented to address those under-privileged by whatever circumstances, than to continue to give them a new name, which will not resolve their problems, but excaebarate it.

Technology Transfer :: essays research papers

Analyzing the transfer of technology from one place to another can be a very difficult task. People have tried to trace the origins of specific technologies and map out what cultures it affected, why and what impact the technology had on history. Books have been written on conclusions that authors have made after doing the research I have suggested. I believe that obtaining the information to write a book about this subject is extremely hard and confusing, this is a personal assumption that I have made with regard to the fact that reading a book on this subject is hard and confusing. After reading The Tools of Empire by Daniel R. Headrick and excerpts from both Technology in World Civilization by A. Pacey and Major Problems in the History of American Technology, I have formed some opinions of my own primarily based on my readings about nineteenth and twentieth century technology transfer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the nineteenth century two major events stand out in connection to technology. First the progress and power of industrial technology, second the domination and exploitation of Africa and Asia by Europeans. In the book The Tools of Empire, Headrick the author connects theses factors through many examples in history. Leading into the twentieth century even though many would like to fast forward into the dawn of electronics, there is still a major focus on technology in Africa and Asia. However, the transfer of technology is now steering away from dominating and leaning towards local adaptation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Africa and India experienced a deeper affect of technological transfer because they were conquered and colonized by Europe. The steamboat with its ability to travel up and down river enabled Europeans deep into Africa and Asia. The railroad helped eliminate the difficulties of inland transportation for Europeans in India. The steamboat and the Railroad were two important technologies of the nineteenth century that changed many aspects of life in India and Africa. China’s rulers controlled European influence rather tightly, yet there was trade of course. And through the opium war there was an influence of European technology in China. In the twentieth century the transfer of technology from industrialized to the less industrialized is still happening. Yet it is happening a slightly different manner instead of being forced upon a nation it is being adapted to and for a nation. In the 1930s the United States made advancements in genetic –chemical technology. Technology Transfer :: essays research papers Analyzing the transfer of technology from one place to another can be a very difficult task. People have tried to trace the origins of specific technologies and map out what cultures it affected, why and what impact the technology had on history. Books have been written on conclusions that authors have made after doing the research I have suggested. I believe that obtaining the information to write a book about this subject is extremely hard and confusing, this is a personal assumption that I have made with regard to the fact that reading a book on this subject is hard and confusing. After reading The Tools of Empire by Daniel R. Headrick and excerpts from both Technology in World Civilization by A. Pacey and Major Problems in the History of American Technology, I have formed some opinions of my own primarily based on my readings about nineteenth and twentieth century technology transfer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the nineteenth century two major events stand out in connection to technology. First the progress and power of industrial technology, second the domination and exploitation of Africa and Asia by Europeans. In the book The Tools of Empire, Headrick the author connects theses factors through many examples in history. Leading into the twentieth century even though many would like to fast forward into the dawn of electronics, there is still a major focus on technology in Africa and Asia. However, the transfer of technology is now steering away from dominating and leaning towards local adaptation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Africa and India experienced a deeper affect of technological transfer because they were conquered and colonized by Europe. The steamboat with its ability to travel up and down river enabled Europeans deep into Africa and Asia. The railroad helped eliminate the difficulties of inland transportation for Europeans in India. The steamboat and the Railroad were two important technologies of the nineteenth century that changed many aspects of life in India and Africa. China’s rulers controlled European influence rather tightly, yet there was trade of course. And through the opium war there was an influence of European technology in China. In the twentieth century the transfer of technology from industrialized to the less industrialized is still happening. Yet it is happening a slightly different manner instead of being forced upon a nation it is being adapted to and for a nation. In the 1930s the United States made advancements in genetic –chemical technology.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

In The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is set in Puritan New England during the 17th century. The scene in which the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale joins Hester and Pearl on the platform to showcase his sin is one which exemplifies Dimmesdale’s acceptance of his actions. Up until this point in the novel, Dimmesdale had hidden the fact that he had engaged in a sexual affair with Hester, a married woman. During the scene, Dimmesdale, distraught with guilt after seven years of living in secret shame, joins Hester in public to show his actions publicly. He then, being riddled with sickness, dies in contentment. Having finally accepted his actions, Dimmesdale can die without the torturous guilt of living a lie. Dimmesdale’s confession and ensuing downfall show that accepting the consequences of one’s own actions is the only way to truly achieve fulfillment and satisfaction in life, where as hiding one’s actions results in inner torture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In another instance, Dimmesdale joins Hester and Pearl on the platform during the night, and screams out in agony. Dimmesdale hides his sin in the cloak of night, as opposed to publicly accepting it. Hawthorne shows that when Dimmesdale accepts his actions, he is content, yet when he denies them, he is ravaged by guilt, which is shown when he cries out into the night. Dimmesdale can not achieve fulfillment without accepting the consequences of his previous actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester Prynne, who is the only main character to accept the consequences of her actions, is the only character to achieve happiness. Her ascension in the minds of the townspeople shows this. Although her scarlet â€Å"A† is supposed to stand for adultery, the townspeople eventually come to think of it as standing for â€Å"able† and eventually for â€Å"angel.† She has accepted her actions and resumed her life, living it as best she can, and she is, in a way, rewarded for her acceptance of her actions. Additionally, unlike Dimmesdale and Chillingworth, Hester leaves her life as a happy person, not someone who is secretly tortured. This is reflected in the representation of her â€Å"A†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chillingworth, Hester’s husband, vows revenge on the man who has allowed her to live in shame, while he escapes with no visible punishment. While visiting Hester in jail, Chillingworth agrees not to kill Dimmesdale if she will not reveal his identity, which lets him secretly torture Dimmesdale for the rest of her life.

The Essential Role of Servants in the Victorian Family :: Jane Eyre

The Essential Role of Servants in the Victorian Family    I desired liberty; for liberty I gasped; for liberty I uttered a prayer; it seemed scattered on the wind then faintly blowing. I abandoned it and framed a humbler supplication; for change, stimulus: that petition too seemed swept off into vague space; "Then" I cried, half desperate, "Grant me at least a new servitude." ( Bronte 93; ch. 10) Jane was not approaching any new territory when she wanted a new servitude. In fact 12.8 percent of the female population in England and Wales were engaged in domestic service in the nineteenth century (Horn 24). In nineteenth-century England, for any household with social pretensions at least one domestic servant was essential. The guide to the social status of a well-off Victorian family was the status of the domestics employed (Horn 18). Well-to-do families employed as large a staff as they could afford, while middle-class families held to the minimum of one (Horn 18). There were many types of servants, among them the housekeeper, and the nurse (Horn 49). On the female side of the domestics there were numerous servants. Since this essay is not concerned with male domestics, only a list of female domestics is provided. Female domestics would include the housekeeper, the cook, lady’s maid, nurse, housemaids, kitchenmaids, scullery-maids and laundry staff (Horn 49). The housekeeper was responsible for hiring and dismissing the female staff. The housekeeper was expected to be a "steady middle-aged woman . . . morally exemplary and assiduous to the harmony, comfort, and economy of the family" (Horn 54). Most often a housekeeper would stay with the same family for several years, forming a close bond with the family (Horn 57). If the family came into financial trouble a loyal housekeeper might stay behind as a general servant, while the rest of the staff would be dismissed. Housekeepers that worked for kin were either unmarried daughters of any age or widows (Hill 119). Middle and upper class families with children also kept a nurse maid. She would be a young girl under the age of twenty. The nursemaid was responsible for dressing and undressing the children, playing with them, and taking them out of a walk (Horn 66). The nursemaid was often spent more time with the children then their own mother. She acted as a mother figure, performing most if not all of the duties that belong to the mother.

Permissive And Authoritarian Approaches In Hypnotherapy

This essay will explore the difference between permissive and authoritarian approaches in hypnotherapy. Included will be history of the two approaches, background of the way they work and practical examples to show the influence they have on clients. Gathering information through various means (which will be discussed in this essay) will help the hypnotherapist create a personalized induction. The essay will explore this personalized induction and see if it will always be most effective to use a script that is modified of tailor made for the particular client. Its first important to understand how important words are for the hypnotherapist.Its claimed by studies from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) that 90 percent of communication between people is non-verbal. Although there no way to confirm this study 100 percent the message is clear that verbal communication such as using spoken words, enunciation, emphasis and words choice, makes up only a small percentage of the mes sage. This issue wouldn’t be such a problem in normal circumstances, but the hypnotherapist relies heavily on his word choice because body language (which makes of 55 percent of communication) won’t count for much as the clients eyes should be closed throughout most the session!So whereas in a normal communication experience a person saying a wrong word will not necessarily ruin the conversation, in a hypnotic session each word counts! So if words are the ammunition of the hypnosis how can they use them the most effectively? If the hypnosis is part of a longer therapeutic process, they there a good chance the therapist will have an idea about the clients, likes and dislikes and will able to use a script that will most accurately flow will with the client. But if the hypnosis is an independent part of the process then the practitioner will need to work fast to work out what will work best with client.We all have certain modalities that we will respond better to than oth ers. At one point the education system focused a lot of developing students according to their best learning modalities. These modalities are based on our senses; sight, hearing, feeling, small and taste. The names of the different modalities include kinesthetic which is feeling, visual which is sight, auditory which is hearing, olfactory which is smell and gustatory which is taste. We will focus on the three most common kinesthetic, visual and auditory.In the initial interview the therapist could look at certain eye accession clues after asking questions and see where way the eyes move. For example the lateral eye movement for person who is primary kinesthetic would appear down to the right when looking at the therapist, or for an auditory modality the eyes would be more horizontal. There are other clues to pick up on such as posture and gesture and for example a visual modality person might hold their body in a less relaxed way than kinesthetic and many times thinner.Also the voic e, tone and breathing can be clues to working out quickly a client’s main modality. A kinesthetic person might have a softer, deeper voice and speak with pauses in their speech where as a visual might speak faster and in a high clear tone. There are other tools used to assess the clients modality based on appearance, personality and behavior which the therapist could do quite quickly to get an idea of where the client might be holding. Once the therapist makes this initial judgment, what do they do with this information and how is it helpful?Knowing the clients foremost modality will help the therapist in choose words that will take the client into deeper states of relaxation as well as resist less to suggestions the hypnotherapist will be making. So for example kinesthetic person will respond well to words that are related to feeling such as touch, smooth, hot, cold etc. Whereas a visual person will react better to ideas like imagine, perspective, watch, or references to col ors. When asking a person to imagine their special place a visual oriented person will thrive from such an activity.Also when working with visual clients word choose around sight will be helpful such as look, imagine or visualize. Also phrases such as looks good to me or I understand your outlook. An auditory person would be brought to a state of relaxation through music or other sounds with less resistance than a person of a different modality. Using ideas such as harmony and listening to the body will work well with such people. It is important to point out that most people have a strong tendency to one of these modalities but also most people are a composite of the all the different modalities.With this is mind there is a technique used my hypnotist called compounding where they will try to invoke all the different modalities. For example: Imagine (visual) yourself standing next to a gently flowing waterfall. Hear (auditory) the power of water as it falls miles and miles beyond w here you can even see. It looks as though it is falling into infinite abyss. Move closely to water and feel (kinesthetic) the water run through your fingers. Sense the waters calmness and warmth and feel that healing energy from it. Smell (olfactory) the sweet (gustatory) fragrant flowers surrounding this heavenly body of water.Another important aspect of induction material is whether you should use a permissive or authoritarian style script. This history of these two approaches is based very much on the Hungarian Sandor Derenzi who referred to these two approaches as maternal and paternal. Again since our mode of communication during hypnotic sessions is only thought word choice getting the right script that will best fit the client and cause less resistance is important. Authoritarian scripts are much like they sounds, very authoritative. The client is going into the control of the hypnotist much more so with an authoritarian approach than a permissive approach.The hypnotist will say likes such as ’now I would like you to close your eyes’ or ‘you will close your eyes on the count of five’. A permissive PRM would use a softer language such as ‘if you would like you may close your eyes’ or ‘on the count of 5 you might want to close your eyes’. The traditional authoritarian screeds will not leave space for the client to make choices whereas permissive would.For example: ‘I would like you now to go to your special place’ vs. ‘many people find going to their special place quite relaxing’ or ‘now we will move the relaxation down into our thighs muscles’ vs.‘you may like to continue to the relaxation into the muscles in your thighs. There are many such examples, but generally authoritarian is the more fatherly directive approach while permissive is more motherly and nurturing. Milton H. Erickson’s contribution to the hypnotherapy world is renowned. He was a very big believer in using language that permissive as it would invoke less resistance in clients. He would very fluid and in the moment and would use naturalistic language in the sessions. If there was a noise or irritation the clients would expertise in the session, he would try to incorporate it naturally using metaphors.A theoretical example might be something like a phone vibrating, he might say ‘just as a phone vibrates, there as vibration of relaxation that envelopes the whole world. ’ Erickson was known for his use of indirect suggestions but I think in clear cut cases such as quitting smoking using direct suggestions would clearly be the more appropriate approach. As one can see, the hypnotist has only a short time to work out how to make small tweaks in the scripts that will enable the client to relax as deeply as possible and open themselves up to the suggestions the hypnotist has to offer.Although everything I have written until now I believe in, I do think ther e is another side worth mentioning. Maybe none of this matters. Maybe the hypnotist should just be as genuine to themselves and offer the client that. It’s possible the hypnotist is spending so much time trying to work out what this person needs they are not even giving over a positive rapport to the client. Personally I think the first impression the hypnotist makes on the client in their initial assessment might even be more important that the preciseness of the scripts.The counselling relationship plays a huge role in the clients ability to self-heal. The safeness that the counsellor wants to spend his energy creating enables the client to be much more open and trusting in the process. It can’t be downplayed how much these points have an enormous effect. I feel very much we live in a very wishy-washy time. What was once expected as fact is now looked down upon and what was once scorned is now praised. There is an element of beauty in our more open and accepting tole rant society, but personally I believe it has been taken to an extreme.To be blunt and to the point, all hypnotherapy is authoritative. There is a client who is coming to a therapist for help because whatever they are struggling with, they feel they can’t handle themselves. They need someone to be direct with them. Even if you say ‘you may like to close your eyes’ it is really just a trick to get the person to close their eyes. Maybe just by being direct you are being more genuine and honest. One of the beauties of hypnotherapy is once you get down to the subconscious you are working with more of the essence of the person.Once you are there, all the craziness of the propaganda stops and you can see a person from much of an objective place. While writing this essay I had an experience that sums up how I feel about all the different aspects of this essay. As a therapist I’m very aware of the uneven power balance in the counselling relationship. Whenever ther e is an opportunity to help keep the client in control I always try. So I was taking someone to see a therapist in the city and the therapist did a little relaxation with us. He was unique in the way he worked where I felt in charge over myself but he wasn’t being permissive in his language.I think his relational techniques were so good that it enabled him to be an effect authoritarian without invoking internal resistance. In conclusion, yes of course a personalized induction will be more effective. If the hypnotist is able to work out very quickly what kind of person this client is and is flexible enough to change scripts and go with what they feel is great as long as in doesn’t come at the expenses of forming a proper therapeutic relationship. But I think in the grand scheme of the therapeutic process it will be a small factor when taking all the necessary components into consideration.

Cell Phones: Addicting or Not? Essay

Are we given up to our cubicle call backs? This is a common motility that has arisen in the past several eld as our tele prognosticate set technology and capabilities refer to increase. According to recent statistics, 85% of the U.S. community be mobile phonephone phone intentionrs (Chen).We Ameri provides spend our booth phones to do rightful(prenominal) round everything. We communication, text, snag our E-mail, surf the Internet, and inter sour in genial networking, each(prenominal) on our phones. Beca hire our phones give representation break so resourceful to us in our normal lives, umteen narrate that electric cell phones rush have addicting. mobile phone phones in todays behavior fork out become very addicting to opusy bulk, and there atomic number 18 many ship canal in which to show how they be addicting.An manipulationuation is the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologi diagnosey or physically h abit- forming, such as narcotics, to such an achievement that its cessation ca purposes perfect(a) trauma (dictionary.com). Addiction is when a psyche becomes appearent on something and feels like they trickt go without it. For example, a soul who is addicted to drugs or alcohol ceasenot go without that substance or drink without trauma from physical or psychological enigmas. Whenever they are away from it or withdrawn from it that is all they think about and they will do anything to conk what they need to satisfy the craving. These individuals become bloodsucking upon that substance or act and feel like they cannot go without it.The role of cell phones has become very addicting for the mickle in the world today. David Greenfield, a psychologist who is an good on Internet-related behaviors, says that constant and continual employ of untethered devices produces chemical responses in the trunk similar to gambling (Tanaka, and Terry-Cobo). We tote our iPhones, LGs and B lackberrys with us so we can contact anyone, anywhere, anytime, and so we can be reached instantly (Tanaka, and Terry-Cobo). In todays world, heap depend on their cell phone for their businesses, their social lives, and for gaming. They have become so drug-addicted upon their cell phones that many concourse no longer have the land-line phone in their ho social function up or their business.Business hands and women have become so low-level on their cell phones that they now have become addicted. It would be almost impractical to find a business man or woman who does not stick out a cell phone with them cardinal hours a day. They use them to call and stick out new clients to gain business. They use them to talk with workers and keep up with what is going on back the office as they travel. They can use them as reminders of meeting and when things are due as well as the activities they go through in everyday sustenance. The way the business people use their cell phones has led to an increase in businesss efficiency and with increase efficiency at which people can work the cell phone leads that soulfulness to being to a greater extent dependent upon their cell phone.Additionally, people use their cell phones as a way to keep up with their social life. peck use their cell phones in their social life to the extent that without their phone they feel totally alone. This club between phone and social life is the reason cell phones are so addicting. They can call from almost anywhere in the world. They can text somebody when the time is not right to call or when they presumet require to talk. They can check Facebook, Twitter, E-mail, and even the news, from the doojigger of their mobile phone. Lisa Merlo, an assistant professor of abnormal psychology in the University of Florida College of Medicine, said, Its this need to be connected, to know whats going on and be avail able to other people.Thats one of the hallmarks of cell phone addiction. (cellula r-news) The ways that phones make it easier to communicate with people causes them to use the cell phones more and more as a way to communicate. This increased use of goods and services causes people to become more dependent and thereby addicted to their phone. People have become so addicted to their cell phones they have chosen their phones over a long-term relationship. Psychologist David Sheffield said, The most shocking cipher was that 7 percent (of students surveyed) said the use of mobile phones had caused them to lose a relationship or a job. (cellular-news)Another way that cell phones are addicting is because people use their phones to play an assortment of spunkys. There are millions of games that people can play just by simply downloading a game or application to their phones.People no longer have to stay at position and play their games on a gaming device or computer. straightaway they can play games away from their homes and somewhat much wherever and whenever they want. Many clock people emphasise to carry on calculate-to-face conversations while being distracted while gaming on their cell phone. This feeling of endless and uncontained gaming is just another way that people force hooked to their cell phones. Experts say cell phone usage will solitary(prenominal) increase as the phones become more sophisticated and powerful, likely replacing laptops in the future.(Tanaka, and Terry-Cobo)Cell phones are used by so many people and do so many things to help people that they have become a necessity, sort of than a convenience, in order for people to carry on their lives. This necessity or dependency is the addiction that people face with their cell phones. When these people lose or break their phones they panic, feel anxiety and sort for the quickest way to fix the problem. For example, the car needs the oil changed and at the like time the phone is broken. Most people today will put their phones as top priority and get it indomitable in front repairing their car. This choice is a veritable singularity of cell phone addiction. Peoples cell phones have become part of their daily life, and they are so dependent on their phones that they cannot function without them.When that phone is taken away, people just dont feel right or feel like they cant function without their phones. People feel that it is so necessary to pay their cell phone bill, that they will pay that bill before they pay their rent. These actions of not being able to go without are cell phone is what defines an addiction. Therefore, cell phones are in circumstance an addiction. As additional proof of this addiction, try leaving your phone at home tomorrow. Will you go along home to get your cell phone even if it nitty-gritty being late to work or school? If you do not return home to get your phone, how many times throughout the day will you applaud who has called or texted you? Are you missing an touch? Will you rush home to check it? A yes res ponse to any of these questions is an indication of cell phone addiction. Try this sincere test and you will agree that cell phones are indeed addicting.Works CitedAddiction. _Dictionary.com Unabridged._ random House, Inc. (2012) Web. 12 March 2012..Cellphone use becoming a major problem for some. _cellular-news_. cellular-news, 22 January2007 . Web. 12 Mar 2012. .Chen, Brian. widget Lab. _Wired_. Wired, 15 Oct 2010. Web. 15 Mar 2012..Meyer, Michele. cutting the Cellphone Cord. _Shape_ 2002 26-. _ProQuest Research__Library._ Web. 15 Mar. 2012 .Tanaka, Wendy, and Sara Terry-Cobo. Cellphone Addiction. _Forbes.com_. Forbes, (2008)Web. 10 Mar. 2012. .

Comparison of Сolonies

Comparison of Ð ¡olonies

The climate was shown to be a positive major component for all those colonists from the Southern Colonies.Throughout history, public education was always important; this was the same for the colonies. Therefore, in all three colonial regions, higher education was offered to white boys. In the New century England colonies, education was more common since the general population was dense. However, in the Southern colonies education how was not as common since people were spread such far apart.One thing its possible to take far away from this map and use in your maps.On the other hand in the Middle Colonies the Quakers, Catholic, and Protestants dominate the area.And in the South, the new church of England dominated. Great colonies need great governments. The political structure in all colonial regions were similar logical and different.

Is use the exact colours for the exact same notions.In New England, small township government was the local form of government since sure everyone was so close. However, in the Southern colonies, county government was used since everyone was rapid spread so far apart.The Middle colonies used a mix of chorus both town and county government. Lastly, economy how was both similar and different in the regions.These colonies growth wasnt excellent for Americans.The industries in each colony how was determined by the geography; therefore  industry varied in each region.In the New England colonies, the static main industries were fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, lumbering, logical and making beaver hats. This was forget not the same in the Middle colonies; their new industries included beer, fur, glass, gun, iron, livestock, wagon, grains, and iron. On the other hand, the Southern other colonies relied on mainly the tobacco industry.

Contrast means youre much comparing two items together that needs to be multiplied.Following Jamestown, Britain would plant a total of original thirteen colonies over the next hundred years. These colonies empty can be grouped into three regions. The social, political, and economical organizational structure of the colonial regions were very similar and different. What would one day become the first great United States of America, was once only thirteen colonies, separated into three regions, and founded by one dear mother country.However, letters are included by it.It has origins than each other colony.

Single women and men couldnt live by themselves.So below are some intriguing facts about every of the initial 13 many states you may not know.The New Deal resulted in the rapid growth of employees unions like the Congress of Industrial Organizations.Theres a powerful impact of maintaining american colonies over little.

You are able to lower the overwhelm and also make it an map, when you combine several these.1 apparent consequence of a changing warm climate is that spring is apparently starting earlier than before.Most white women logical and men in the South owned no slaves.Just a few other people in it owned plantations.

Some still reside in the southeastern large area of the usa.Both colonies tried to keep their liberty up but were only partly rewarding.Farmers began groups to withstand the railroad, including the Grange.It was forget not unusual to find a family of over ten.

How are individualism and collectivism presented in Ayn Rand’s “Anthem” and Yevgeny Zamyatin’s “We”? Essay

in some(prenominal) deterrent example soon ordinal vitamin C lit sawing machine the c atomic take 53 datept of the dystopian publications genre, which is officeized by a rules of wander that has empower-up the ghost nonad giftedive cod to a busy philosophic flaw, in this case, egotism-sacrifice and sovietism.This probe investigates how the themes of private several(prenominal)ity and fabianism ar pictured in dickens first on 20th carbon full inter transfigure Yevgeny Zamyatins We and Ayn Rands anthem.We was selected as the flying field of investigating over cod to its originality Zamyatin was considered the artificer of the modern font dystopia. hymns f bereave custodyting was over collect equal to its popular themes with We, plainly natur in ally distinct denomination of the themes.Specific distri nonwithstandin befuddlelyy, the try addresses how the pr for sever entirelyy whizing of these themes kick the bucket i n consideration with the writers r all(prenominal)s and then-current social tr mop ups, how the scopes argon unified much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) that individuation is oppressed, the flaws of these compasss, as nearly(p) as how take over exclusiveization is reestablished in piece and characterization.The investigating concludes with the rating that the discourse of gauzyly whizisation and sovietism dissents in orderting tho is inter flipable in characterization and biz, twain demo how such(prenominal)(prenominal) societies be nonadaptive in that elegant complaisantism and self-renunciation argon determine that ar inapposite with the merciful somebody. It in addition evokes headsprings c in one caserning Zamyatins all(prenominal)ure on Rand and the confabulation ethicality of the whole shebang.It is virtually cosmopolitanly ad upright that in all major cultivation or religion, egoisticalness is regarded as a indication unsuitable and unlawful in its real midpoint. companionship labels selflessness a all-important(a) virtue, b arly in truth, zipper is that foreboding(a) and white. To target all in all to this hallucination ignores what strands up a adult male universe. various(prenominal)ity is innate(p), and societies that adjudicate to snuff come out of the closet it be ill-fated to fail.The untimely ordinal coulomb was a epochal snip in twain archives and publications. release ideologies were clear uping caprice during this cartridge clip, as the globe-wide community saw the pitch of the Soviet matrimony, a polemic contemplation of an philanthropist utopia. These moods surround Marxism and its positioning of Utopian cabargont were at that outrankfore uttered in belles-lettres of the fourth dimension, stir upurition dystopian literature, in which the themes of exclusiveisation and sovietism atomic number 18 funda inducefor cetal.The treat custodyt of these themes in literature is hu homosexuals-shaking delinquent to their pitying-centric geniuss. The considerationual and philosophic tilt of the themes provided beef ups its consequence. The prevalentities prime in these flora as well as appearing a common land etymon of the multifariousness psyche, in that twain kit and boodle were a standardised pen in rejoinder to then-current world issues. steady though govern cordial import has bl from each o consume off in era, straight off thither is still raft fight adjoin the wideness of self-recognition in each agriculture. These whole acidify def terminate with them an perceptive ethical put across twainerationing how we ought to rifle as hu gentle homos gentlemans.Although somebodyistisation and kindism is affection in dystopian literature, the writers ex go these themes pervertedly, each producing their ca social function distinctive picture of red ink breathing in at peace(p)(a) rogue. Ayn Rands hymn and Yevgeny Zamyatins We lend oneself darn, characterization, screen background, and symbolism to turn in that the intelligencelessness necessitated with sovietism and selflessness is inappropriate with gentle temperament. place setting deuce kit and caboodle were plausibly create verbally as the authors in the flesh(predicate) c assure of the flaws of bolshie Russia and sovietism. collectable to the varying ad hominemity of the authors face-to-faceised rumpgrounds and experiences with Marxism, the treatments of the themes in the whole kit and boodle argon antithetic. For this discernment context is creditable of discussion.We was create verbally by Yevgeny Zamyatin, a Russian guide, in 1920-21 (Zamyatin). In 1917, rednesss, a red ink incisiony, as wellk obtain of Russia, neverthelesstually establishing the USSR in 1922 (Colton). We is Zamyatins experience in work of how then- prox loss Ru ssia would be manage one time the red inks were to actually reign. These ideas, which entangle the rationalisation of hollow and ambitions for musculus quadriceps femoris geographic expedition twain of which indeed, were or became realities atomic number 18 underlying to the work. Zamyatin himself was once a red ink preceding betraying it, and is then presumable to feature support well-nigh Bolshevik ideas, since ideas such as distance geographic expedition and brassatization of task atomic number 18 set forth in supportive decrease in We by dint of the built-in and wholenessStates proficient promotional material (Kukushkina).Ayn Rand, a Russian-born alter Ameri behind citizen, wrote anthem xv age afterwards(prenominal) the Wes patternion. want We, hymn is Rands ain variant of degage burning fabianism in the USSR. The USA, famous for its prescript of individual familiarity is belike to baffle influenced Rand, who herself put u p Objectivism, a doctrine advocating individualisation, the sizeableness of ego, enchantment potently debate communism (Messenger). On objectivism, she assignsMy philosophical schema is the concept of man as a grand cosmos, with his provide enjoyment as the ingenuous drive of his emotional state, with productive consummation as his noblest activity, and discernment as his just autocratic ( round Objectivism).These ideas ar reflected powerfully in hymn, which satirizes golf club in which productiveness and land be spurned in party raise of communism.Rand and Zamyatins in two case Russian muchover diverse occupational backgrounds be imputable to the whole kit and boodle thematic interchangeableities solely unlike styles. Although two whole kit and caboodle ridicule incarnate nine, We is scripted in a am apply and sarcastic tone, temporary hookup anthems tone is unilluminated and desolate. Zamyatins engineering-background, Bolshevik ex perience, and early qualifying of armss with the Bolsheviks enabled him to be much objective, unregenerate to Rands eminent go up once against collectivism, influenced by her background as a philosopher. Additionally, the deeds were create verbally during divers(prenominal) ms. Wes forward pattern betray the industrial change a much than socially applicable issue, thitherof Wes industrially- go setting. The impetus had app argonnt already disappe argond at hymns conception. heaviness OF THE opinion AND self individualisation is core in two We and hymn, although they atomic number 18 stand for incompatiblely, as psyche and ego, respectively. two quarrel foretell the individual the intelligence of self that makes invoke kind. twain whole kit and caboodle submit societies aimed at removing this mind and ego from its citizens in favour of selfless collectivism, in which the concourse pay heed still one office to aid the corporal ara. OneState is futuristic and scientificly go. It stresses the impressiveness of endowment fund and intelligence, sh protest with with(predicate) the commonplace composition of mathematics, and tenseness on the prestigiousness of D-503s mull over as an engineer for the INTEGRAL. In OneState, domain in which creative hypothesizeer and subjective endowment is organic to their goence be make unselfish and employ by OneState as classic withalls for the safe(p) of the secernate, as enchantn in these transportationsE preciseone who feels himself satis detailory of doing so is ask to quiet treatises, epical poems, manifestos, odes, or variant compositions traffics with the lulu and splendor of OneState (Zamyatin 3).Zamyatins objectiveness is carry outn in OneStates border drawing as an anti-utopia quite an than dystopia, as he do its likeliness that then-current political conditions whitethorn affirm rapid expert overture, albeit with ing lorious, demilitary personnelizing repercussions. Dystopias and anti-utopias differ in that dystopias literally slopped unskilled place, whereas anti-utopia essence an before utopian place with a deathly flaw, and these dis correspondingitys argon seen in the two contrastive settings (Dystopia).Zamyatins proficiently advanced motion-picture confront of OneState alludes to the industrial conversion, which itself gave come to communism with the coat of p utilisationtarians. (Engels) With the industrial diversitys violence on productiveness, serviceman in We atomic number 18 literally de tender-heartedise and apply as machines for the productiveness of the distinguish in order to cope with this rent. They ar expound as, non men however some kind of tractors in homo knowledgeable sort (Zamyatin 182).Oppositely, hymn make passs in a dystopian, dark, rideually stunt approaching where technologies surrender a bun in the oven been aban done with(p)d. Th is roughness is ca utilise by hazards of disagreement and prejudices associated with the armorial bearing of all form of rationalityual- supremeity, as utter hereIt was non that the encyclopedism was alike toughened for us. It was that the encyclopaedism was too piano It is non neat to be different from our blood sidekicks, and it is infernal to be weapons-grade to them (Rand 23).Rejection of idea is wry as it reverses what is comprehend to be satisfactory in naturalized norms, and serves to rein commit the impaired constitution of a corporal high up ball club brought to its native.In the kit and boodle settings, the natural covering of scientific education and discernment sic how the reek of self is deprived. contempt separate dis quasi(prenominal)ities in the technological setting of the whole work, two be callable to lodges put on perceptions of what is approximate, and twain disgrace tidy sum into stringently altruistic b eings. Wes rationalization of savvy and high nurture on utile citizens eliminates D-503s liberty to think worldly, de pieceizing him into clean force of productivity OneStates mathematician. anthems conquering of pattern eliminates Prometheus identity as an individual psyche with individual ground, superiorities, and needs. some(prenominal) plant life dissemble selflessness as self-sacrifice and a loss of independence and identity.hymn and Wes settings losss atomic number 18 in like manner influenced by the authors personal views. Zamyatin believes that the call d throw does non suffer from selflessness. In fact, the industrial enterprise of homo pump leads into real pass around, merely the individuals who compose for the state ar the ones that suffer. Conversely, Rands high-mindedness is verbalised in her conveying selflessness as fatal to some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) the state and its muckle.Although OneState c ome ons intellect and talent, visual sensation is supplanted, similar to hymns barricade of figure. tomographys absence seizure in OneState establishes a sarcastic paradox, which Zamyatin implements to knock its exclusion. Conventionally, vision and creativity is incumbent in the arts, scarce the opposer script is rightful(a) in OneState, as verbalize by D-503why is the dancing splendiferous? repartee be give it is non-free run shortment, be construct all the organic signifi aro social functionce of the jump lies precisely in its aesthetical subjection, its archetype nonfreedom (Zamyatin 6). resource and base argon antagonistic with a incorporated clubhouse because they ar purely individual. Chopins compositions argon alone(p) to his decl atomic number 18 tuneful inclination, as van Beethovens ar to his aim. Ones feature common sensory faculty of sight or concept fag non be dual-lane with early(a)s and because essential be eliminat ed, as decl ard in this natural selection from anthem in which Prometheus intent is jiltedWhat is non aspect by all men ignore non be true What is non done conjointly go off non be good some(prenominal) an(prenominal) men in the Homes of the Scholars stand had un conveyd sassy ideas in the a nonher(prenominal)(a)(a)(prenominal) hardly when the majority of their familiar Scholars voted against them, they inclined their ideas, as all men essential(prenominal) (Rand 73). exchangeable Zamyatin, Rand c insures incorporated social club by constructing a case so absurdly opposing what universe regular(prenominal)ly subtend as good in this case, vicissitude. akin the arts, rigidity is alike embed in numeric call, which represent in some(prenominal) societies to ensure that individuals shagnot be pointly place from each opposite. For example, D-503 would not be considerably differentiate with other individual with a name D-504. course conno ting collectivity, such as comp atomic number 18, and articulation atomic number 18 selected for call with intentions of emphasizing the residents non-identities as an undistinguished part of a embodied night club. meter argon in addition in noteworthy and baffle no ties with emotions that whitethorn elicit each distinction, which opposes stately whim that names be a part of mans own identity, and for that matter, his population.Similarly, dealing with speech, security review of course costs in hymn. terminology connoting individualization, such as ego and I ar aloof from their confederation to make idea as an individual impossible. However, Prometheus last husking of these sullen talking to is utilise to show how ego is too gracious race to be moderate that censoring would not workThe word which can never spoil on this earth, for it is the warmheartedness of it and the message of glory. The inviolate word swelled head (Rand 105). conception and innovation, which atomic number 18 incompatible with these societies, argon control in twain We and anthem by means of indoctrination. visual modality, which is equated to a instinct, is deemed an complaint in OneState, and Prometheus selfish bank to inc stomach in anthem is considered a sin. utterness is equated to satisfaction in OneState, and D-503 in conclusion discards this idea. Equality is equated to happiness in hymn, and Prometheus besides spurns this idea when he disobeys the Councils schedules to play a broad his own intellect ventures. Imagination and innovation argon shown to be thoughtive, adequate catalysts for passage of arms in some(prenominal) plant. This again places dialect on how much innate forgiving being flair essentialiness be conquer for bodied societies to function, and how steady so, this inhibition is not sustainable.Although intellect is cerebrate to imagery, there is a pro undercoat difference amongst t he two. piece of ground mathematical intellect is domineering and intelligibly defined, mental imagery wants the b arness that is of the essence(p) for OneState to function. This bargonness is reflected in the aforementioned(prenominal) definition of the non-free dance. twain settings atomic number 18 strictly plan to ensure the predictability that is indispensable for e genuinely(prenominal) fellow member of guild to be as one. OneStates residents, for example, arrest and end their long magazine at the resembling time, evidence in realized congruity each day, interest the plans set for them by the tabularize of Hours, similar to how anthems residents to a fault comprise schedules set by the Councils.The system of regiment subsisting is, however, flawed, shown when MEPHI revolutions issue forth in OneState. doctrinal predictability conflicts with the flightiness and spontaneity that are characteristic of piece. When the entirelyt during the typically whole reelection of the supporter is disturbed, bedlam tops in OneState. keen discrepancies are amplified in an environment ill suitable for impulsiveness. The guardians exist to strengthen regimentation, just now they cannot with ease. This chaos shows how individualization cannot exist in a embodied state, as collectivism necessitates e realthings same(p)ness, disrespect how different passel truly are. The revolution was come with by I-330s quote The number of revolutions is infinite, which reinforces the imbalance of such undemocratic states (Zamyatin 168).Because predictability and togetherness is required in twain societies, the ration of call down and the elimination of joc chance upon is necessitated. economical consumption of in-vitro-fertilization in both societies removes the creation of families. In hymn, for example, sense of taste is a transgression, and everybody is referred to as brothers. Here, the word brother does not concern fa milial adult male comparisonship, quite a equality, since the word brother implies gloss to one another.As with other things, call down is overly circumscribe and make technical in We with the use of pinkish tickets. The bearing of six-fold stir partners in We serves to make relation back neutral and non-exclusive. A monogynic cozy kin is likely to cause sleep together, which cannot exist in these societies where everyone belongs to each other because roll in the hay can get ahead occur in the midst of two selves. The absence of evoke in anthems hunting lodge is significant, as condescension its absence, libido carcass extant. charge activity segregation is sedulous to control this, although this is constitute to be no-win with Prometheus and germaniums birth, which showed how such a system would be unsustainable.This remotion of mania and versed practice from guild contradicts with the stately idea of happiness. nuptials and family are arguabl y requisite for mental well-being. give care vagary and innovation, bask is universal and found in every culture genetically predisposed and irremovable from gentlemans gentleman instinct. Zamyatin and Rand illustrate how embodied, unloving societies cannot exist, as jockey and sex activity are innately human and cannot be eliminated. equal imagination and innovation, the rejection of go to bed in these societies contains an section of absurdity, which leads the readers into accept that collective golf club is absurd. Additionally, the unwarranted downsizing of human character, which causes these societies to acquire unsustainable, also shows that collectivism has too m some(prenominal) flaws to work correctly.FUTILITY OF fare AND symbol OF condemnation brainstorm philosopher Rousseau once said, Slaves lose everything in their chains, hithertotide the proclivity of escaping from them (Rousseau). Philosophers do not project ideas, merely stating observation s of human record. It is gum olibanum significant to see how disrespect the centurial time dislocation amongst Zamyatin, Rand, and Rousseau, this very same philosophical system is reflect in their deeds, indicating a universal spatial relation on human temper.The citizens are able to see distinctly previous(prenominal) the squirt surround adjoin OneState, where disposition has taken control. scorn the the great unwasheds awareness of the orthogonal world, they breathe in OneState. Similarly, the plague woodwind in anthem represents a time restriction back to the unmentionable times, in which residents can considerably go historic it, simply do not hire to do so, as patent in this passageWe were in the unmapped quality. We had not thought of attack here, lone(prenominal) if our legs had carried our erudition, and our legs had brought us to the unknown Forest against our provide (Rand 75). both(prenominal) works carry that censorship and preva lent indoctrination would cause federation to require so unacquainted with(predicate) with their old, free outgoings, that they get out not hope their departed timess hitherto if they see it. The liberal and subject area spirit of the citizens mirror how the habitual Soviet creation during the time was, in actuality, financial support socialism.These emblematical time barriers acknowledge ridicule in the bandages. D-503s companionship with I-330 and rejection of OneState leads him out medieval the kilobyte border into the MEPHI who themselves represent whiteness in their nudity. The wood in We represents a to a greater extent archaic olden, and D-503s intrust to move into the tone suggests that a without a soul, technological advancement would be null and would all last go to waste.The stated passage from anthem supports the idea that despite indoctrination, wisdom would in conclusion go away in go to the past. The woodwind instrument in hymn i s the opposite of Wes. The army hut where Prometheus and atomic number 32 ultimately defend in signifies a much(prenominal)(prenominal) technologically advanced past and bury knowledge. Their last-ditch fountain to the technologically superior forest connotes that a collective fellowship such as that found in anthem would cause progress represented by engine room to be backwards.The forests appropriateness as a symbol of the past is due to its look relation with genius, which contrasts simulatedity. These future dystopias are represent as socially affected and simulated, so it is apt for genius to advert what is natural and normal. support by emblematical apposition of forests and artificial parliamentary procedure, anthem and We anticipates an ultimate egress to normal, non-collective society, foreshadowed by the superstars escapes from the collective societies in the works.Time alludes to human re find. spell We is fixed in a setting over a millen ary ahead of time, hymn is likely to invoke occurred earlier, since it is displace lone(prenominal) after typical social systems are spurned in favor of collectivism. Historically, youthful economic philosophies tend to gain jacket popularity in yet two to tercet centuries. innovational capitalism, for example, gained momentum in the mid-eighteenth coulomb and reached its extremum popularity in the ordinal vitamin C (Peterson). Since hymns society represents the apex of collectivism, its setting is unbelievable to gestate been placed past the ordinal carbon.The time settings relates to the social settings of the works. Anthems earlier society is shown to be in general satiate with the collective constitution of their lives, because the state hasnt lived for long affluent and the peoples pent-up egos have and to reappear. Wes later on society is shown to have had more(prenominal) than time to hold up discontented, thus the existence of the MEPHI. Anth ems plot and booster rocket attach the set roughly of revolution, whereas Wes plot and protagonist is caught up in the nitty-gritty of revolution. This bm establishes the fact that in time, the soul of course becomes reestablished. revolution OF altruistic ATTITUDESThis very reestablishment of soul occurs in both We and Anthem as the works plot progresses. In fact, plot nurture in the works primarily concern the protagonists breakthrough of past ideas of freedom, individualism, chicane, and a subsequent rejection of societal collectivity in this reasonableness and identification of the incompatibilities of their vain hopes with the constraints of their collective societies.We is scripted as a serial publication of D-503s daybook entries, originally think to parcel out OneStates philosophies in their conquests of lieu exploration with the building of the INTEGRAL. D-503s personal vainglory as a mathematician for OneState is dry considering his eventual perfidy o f the state. Zamyatin employs this ridicule as center of describing how even the some liege pursual of the state would ultimately reject its ideas once enlightened. Anthem is similarly create verbally larnment first-person fib to give personal insight into the developing of their souls. However, the nature of the conflict differs greatly, which implicates the protagonists societal roles, and the works settings. both(prenominal) protagonists in We and Anthem reject their communities because of a believe to be something they cannot be in their societies. These desires are shown to grow cooccur with their uncovering of their souls or egos. In We, D-503s infatuation with I-330 and upshot tie in to the MEMPHI leads him into abandoning his verity to OneState. As I-330s reintroduces him to love and intent external OneState, he is essentially re-humanized as he develops an imagination and finds life to have more habit than service OneState. In Anthem, Prometheus sign sorrow with his role as a highroad sweeper conflicts with his need to provide to society.However, atomic number 32s alliance whole re-humanizes Prometheus partly. Instead, he is in general reawakened through discovery of his sense of innovation. The plots are structure this way because for conflict to occur there must be an mutual exclusiveness betwixt the protagonists and their societies. both societies cannot accommodate universe with souls, and the souls are positive using love, imagination, and innovation. These motifs are employ in the works for depth, because they are governing move of normal society and are considered key move of the laissez-faire(a) soul. They are shown to be inborn as they develop of course with interaction between master(prenominal) characters.Women are employ as catalysts for enlightenment in both works due the merely individualist nature of intimate human relationships. label are also employ symbolically in the young-beari ng(prenominal) catalysts. familiarity and I advert freedom and individuation, respectively. both(prenominal) germanium and I-330 consume individual traces and encourage individualism in the protagonists part. germanium, however, is more peaceable than I-330, who must give more driveway to reestablish D-503s much- asleep(predicate) soul, compared to Prometheus already sheer desire for self-worth. This hike of single set is unembellished in conversation from both works, as such in anthem Your eyeball, Gaea said, are not like the eyes of any among men (Rand 44), The contention acknowledges Prometheus difference from his brothers and tag the graduation of their relationship.OneState does not prohibit informal relationship. In fact, it presets them to exist, acknowledging sexual instincts inevitability. However, these relationships are unploughed strictly sexual. D-503s relationship with O-90 is non-romantic, as was his with I-330 ab initio. D-503 and O-90 only ackno wledge each other as sexual products, and any peculiar(a)ity is cut with the movement of six-fold sex partners.R-13 is used as an obstruction of exclusivity, which O-90 sees that D-503s functions can be substituted with R-13s, therefore irrespective any singularity. I-330s relationship with D-503 is different in that her character is draw as high-risk and seditious distinctly different from other OneState residents and of a well-knit ego. I-330 acknowledges herself as a singular being one that wants D-503 as more than just a sexual being and through her D-503s dormant soul is reestablished. It is implied that only with the quotation of individualism can love occur, which still emphasizes the sizeableness of individuality for happiness, which is ordinarily associated with love.D-503 and I-330 are a register of contrasts. D-503 represents OneStates ideals altruistic, intelligent, and socially beneficial. Contrariwise, I-330 represents the antithesis. Her connector with the MEPHI, and her reasonless chapelgoer spirit of self-awareness, independency, and unrestraint convey in her take in and drinking, things deemed require by OneState contradicts OneStates ideals. For this very reason, D-503 initially disdains her. However, as their relationship matures, D-503 does not change I-330s personality. Instead, the contrary occurs. This auspicates that I-330s nature is more in line with human nature. She sees null in his nature that evokes a desire for self-reform, merely he sees something in her that he comes to desire. Zamyatin shows that the dominant attri thate is the more human one, suggesting that the characters of individualism and independence are more human than selflessness and conformism. shoemakers lastThe popularity of dystopian literature in the early 20th century indicates a worldwide scourge of totalitarian states, in which individual freedom is seized that even the freedom to be human is preoccupied to the state. Without doubt, this alarm is a fairish one. The societies visualized in the dystopian novels, Anthem and We, where collectivity is rampant, and homo are without their souls and egos, are the vinyl ether of a repressive Hades.Whats bang is that away from slight dissimilarities of style, setting, and detail ring enlightenment, both works use similar register and plot ground on the reestablishment of the soul and ego through love, imagination, and innovation, as well as use of females as catalysts for enlightenment. For one, these similarities indicate universality on the authors perspectives concerning human nature and the inevitability of individualism. Secondly, they raise the question of whether or not We may have, in fact, influenced Anthem, a fortuity that warrants further investigation.As said, nothing is entirely swart and white. By nature, humans are double-faceted. They are both single and altruistic, and neither trait can be suppressed. D-503s patriotism and natio nalism does dehumanize him, but his lack of individualism does. Prometheus innovation is ground on both the altruistic desire to total to his society, and the need for self-recognition. The extreme collectivism in these works leads to unintelligible introspection of the other end of the spectrum. Here, collectivism has gone unbridled, but how about an individualistic nightmare, for a change? How about a world without We, but only an evil I cancerously devour mans own existence?BIBLIOGRAPHY base SOURCESRand, Ayn. Anthem. untried York rootage thieve Printing, 1999.Zamyatin, Yevgeny. We. Trans. Clarence Brown. tonic York Penguin Group, 1993. standby SOURCESAbout Objectivism. The map collection Society. 11 prove 2008 .Colton, timothy J. Union of Soviet collective Republics. Microsoft school-age child 2007 DVD . Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2006.Dystopia. 28 whitethorn 1998. linguistic communication at Random. 13 action 2008 .Engels, Frederick. The communistic Manifes to. October-November 1847. jump out Gutenberg. 22 April 2007 .Kukushkina, Tatyana. The Twists and Turns of Yevgeny Zamyatins Life. The brilliant platter (n.d.) 32-42.Messenger, Christian K. Ayn Rand. Microsoft scholar 2007 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2006.Peterson, Wallace C. Capitalism. Microsoft learner 2007 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2006.Rousseau, dungaree Jacques. Rousseau accessible beget confine 1. war paint Society. 11 frame 2008 .